Influence of altitude on the prevalence of cysticercosis in the biogeographical regions of Ecuador. Systematic review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cysticercosis, a zoonotic disease, is a public health problem in endemic regions of Latin America, Asia and Africa. In Ecuador it is considered hyperendemic, mainly in rural areas. The inadequate sanitary conditions of poverty and pigs roaming freely in the wild produce cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, constituting the main cause of preventable epilepsy in endemic countries. A systematic review was carried out, identifying 180 articles in the databases consulted, 80 were duplicates; Of 100, 70 were excluded, selecting 20 that met the inclusion criteria. In the Sierra region (400-4900 m a.s.l.), the provinces of Imbabura and Pichincha (4.99%) and Loja (2.25%) presented a higher prevalence of cysticercosis. On the Coast (0-350 m a.s.l.), prevalence was observed in the provinces of El Oro (2.4%) and Manabí (2.12%), Los Ríos (0.7%) and Guayas (0.3%). There was a lower prevalence in the Amazon region (150-2100 m a.s.l.), between 0.18% and 0.51% in the Zamora Chinchipe and Morona Santiago provinces, respectively. For the Insular or Galapagos region (375-1770 m a.s.l.) no data were reported. Altitude is not a factor that influences the prevalence of cysticercosis infection in the different biogeographic regions of Ecuador.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Bern, C., Garcia, H., Evans, C., Gonzalez, A., Verastegui, M., Tsang, V., & Gilman, R. (1999). Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clinical infectious diseases, 29(5), 1203-9. doi: 10.1086/313470.
Booth, M. (2018). Climate Change and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Advances in Parasitology, 100, 39-126. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.02.001.
Braae, U., Harrison, W., Lekulec, F., Magnussena, P., & Johansena, M. (2015). Feedstuff and poor latrines may put pigs at risk of cysticercosis — A case-control study. Veterinary Parasitology, 214, 187–191. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.009.
Braae, U., Devleesschauwer, B., Sithole, F., Wang, Z., Willingham, A. (2017). Mapping occurrence of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and areas at risk of porcine cysticercosis in Central America and the Caribbean basin. Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 424. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2362-7.
Braae, U., Thomas, L., Robertson, L., Dermauw, V., Dorny, P., Willingham, A., Saratsis, A., & Devleesschauwer, B. (2018). Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Americas. Parasites & Vectors, 11(1), 518. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3079-y.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019). Cysticercosis. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/cysticercosis/index.html.
Coral, M., Gabriël, S., Abatih, E., Praet, N., Benítez, W., & Dorny, P. (2015). Taenia solium Human Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of Sero-epidemological Data from Endemic Zones around the World. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 9(7), e0003919. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003919.
Coral, M., Henríquez, R., Asanza, S., Erazo, C., Paucar, M., & Calvopiña, M. (2020). Assessing the burden and spatial distribution of Taenia solium human neurocysticercosis in Ecuador (2013– 2017). PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 14(6), e0008384. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008384.
Cortez, M., Rojas, G., Aguilar, C., Ferrer, E., Alviarez, Y., Mendez, C., Medina, C., & Parkhouse, R. (2020). Seroepidemiological evidence for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in three Venezuelan rural communities. Journal of Helminthology, 94, e179. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X20000619.
Cruz, A., Davis, H., Dixon, Z., Pawlowski, S., & Proano, J. (1989). Operational studies on the control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Ecuador. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 67(6), 757. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2491261/.
Del Brutto, O. (2013). Human cysticercosis (Taenia solium). Tropical Parasitology, 3(2), 100-3. doi: 10.4103/2229-5070.
Del Brutto, O., Arroyo, G., González, A., Zambrano, M., & García, H. (2017). Estudio Poblacional de Prevalencia de Cisticercosis Porcina en Atahualpa, Ecuador. Metodología y Definiciones Operacionales. Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurologia, 26 (1), 17-22. http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/pdf/rneuro/v26n1/2631-2581-rneuro-26-01-00017.pdf.
Dixon, M., Braae, U., Winskill, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Trevisan, C., Van Damme, I., Walker, M., Hamley, J., Ramiandrasoa, S., Schmidt, V., Gabriël, S., Harrison, W., Basáñez, M. (2020). Modelling for Taenia solium control strategies beyond. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(3), 198-205. doi: 10.2471/BLT.19.238485.
Ito, A., Yanagida, T., & Nakao, M. (2016). Recent advances and perspectives in molecular epidemiology of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Infection, genetics and evolution, 40, 357-367. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.022.
Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador (MAE) (2013). Sistema de Clasificación de los Ecosistemas del Ecuador Continental. Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural. Quito. https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/LEYENDA-ECOSISTEMAS_ECUADOR_2.pdf.
Nii, N. (2017). Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: Insights, Advances, and Challenges. BioMed Research International. 2017, 5245021. doi: 10.1155/2017/5245021.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (OMS). (2022). Teniasis y Cisticercosis. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud/ Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2018). Teniasis/ Cisticercosis por Taenia solium. https://www.paho.org/es/temas/teniasiscisticercosis-portaenia-solium#:~:text=La%20cisticercosis%20y%20NCC%20humana,alimentos%20contaminados%20con%20los%20huevos.
Praet, N., Speybroeck, N., Rodríguez, R., Benítez, W., Berkvens, D., Brandt, J., Saegerman, C., Dorny, P. (2010). Age-related infection and transmission patterns of human cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology, 40, 85– 90. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.07.007.
QGIS (2021). Versión 3.20.3. https://www.qgis.org/es/site/
Rodríguez, R., Benítez, W., Dorny, P., Geerts, S., Geysen, D., Ron, J., Proaño, F., Chávez, M., Barrionuevo, M., Celi, M., Vizcaíno, L, & Brandt, J. (2003). Taeniosis-cysticercosis in man and animals in the Sierra of Northern Ecuador. Veterinary parasitology, 118 (1-2), 51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.019.
Rodríguez, R., & Benítez, W. (2007). La cisticercosis porcina en América Latina y en el Ecuador. REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 8 (11),1-9. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63681102.pdf.
Rodríguez, R., Benítez, Ortiz, W., Brandt, J., Geerts, S., & Dorny. P. (2010). Observaciones sobre la cisticercosis bovina en el Ecuador, su importancia zoonósica en la salud pública humana. REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 11 (1), 1-9. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63613103017.pdf.
Rojas, R. (2021). Prevalencia de cisticercosis en porcinos de la provincia de Tambopata, Perú. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, (42), 77-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.vol1.iss42.9.
Román, G., Sotelo, J., Del Brutto, O., Flisser, A., Dumas, M., Wadia, N., Botero, D., Cruz, M., García, H., de Bittencourt, M., Trelles, L., Arriagada, C., Lorenzana, P., Nash, E., & Spina, A. (2000). A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (3), 399–406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10812740/#:~:text=With%20a%20view%20to%20hastening,administrators%20to%20their%20health%20ministries.
Ron, L., Coral, M., Gabriël, S., Benitez, W., Saegerman, C., Dorny, P., Berkvens, D., & Abatih, E. (2015). Distribution and Potential Indicators of Hospitalized Cases of Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy in Ecuador from 1996 to 2008. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(11), e0004236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004236.
Solano, D., Navarro, J., León, A., Benítez, W., & Rodríguez, R. (2016). Molecular analyses reveal two geographic and genetic lineages for tapeworms, Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, from Ecuador using mitochondrial DNA. Experimental Parasitology, 171, 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.015.
Toquero, M., Morocoima, A., & Ferrer, E. (2017). Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de cisticercosis en dos comunidades rurales del norte del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Biomédica, 37(Supl.1),66-74 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i2.2841.
Uguña, V. (2018). Cisticercosis Humana en el Ecuador. Killkana Salud Y Bienestar, 2(2), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.26871/killcana_salud.v2i2.269.
Velásquez, G., Ramírez, A., Coello, R., Molleda, P. (2022). Pisos altitudinales y su relación con la Prevalencia de Infección de las Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas del Ecuador. Revisión Sistemática. Kasmera, 50, e5037201. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/kasmera/article/view/37201.